Contested Meanings
The corresponding reading can be found on page 179 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
"Where do your rights come from? Many people assume they are born with them. But there is a powerful school of thought in political theory that says something quite different: rights do not float in the air as gifts of nature. They exist only because the state recognises, defines, and enforces them. This is the core claim of the theory of legal rights, and it has shaped how modern democracies think about citizenship, law, and freedom. Understanding this theory helps you see why a “right” written in a constitution carries weight, while a mere moral wish does not."
Rights
The corresponding reading can be found on page 180-184 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages. The UDHR is widely recognized as having inspired, and paved the way for, the adoption of more than seventy human rights treaties, applied today on a permanent basis at global and regional levels (all containing references to it in their preambles)."
"Considering that the promotion and protection of human rights is a matter of priority for the international community, and that the Conference affords a unique opportunity to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the international human rights system and of the machinery for the protection of human rights, in order to enhance and thus promote a fuller observance of those rights, in a just and balanced manner"
"The ninth edition of the International Journal on Rule of Law, Transitional Justice and Human Rights in front of you is a peer-reviewed International Journal published by the Association “Pravnik” and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung’s Rule of Law Programme South East Europe. This International Journal is a direct output of the International Summer School Sarajevo (ISSS) which our two organisations co-organise since 2006. During its 11 editions the International Summer School Sarajevo has attracted over three hundred students and young professionals from Europe, Asia and the Americas. After each edition of the International Summer School Sarajevo, our aim was to engage our alumni to contribute to academic discussion with their papers on contemporary topics such as Rule of Law, Transitional Justice or Human Rights. An additional goal is to promote an interdisciplinary approach and build bridges between academia and practitioners in these relevant areas."
The corresponding reading can be found on page 184-187 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
Justice (including Political and Social)
The corresponding reading can be found on page 188-189 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
"Most politically minded Kurds agree that their people need liberty. Moreover, they agree they need liberation from the domination they suffer from the four states that divide them: Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. What is less certain is the precise nature of this liberty. A key debate that characterizes Kurdish political discourse is over whether the liberty they seek requires the existence of an independent Kurdish nation-state. Abdullah Ocalan, the jailed intellectual leader of the Kurdistan Workers ¨ ’ Party (PKK), has argued that Kurdish liberty can only be achieved through liberation from the nation-state model itself. Instead of founding an independent Kurdistan, Ocalan proposes regional autonomy ¨ for the Kurds through a strictly egalitarian and directly democratic confederalism reminiscent of Murray Bookchin’s anarchist-inspired libertarian municipalism. We argue, in response to Ocalan ¨ ’s approach, that employing an anarchist rejection of the state is largely mistaken. We diagnose certain historical and conceptual problems with the anarchist understanding of the state and develop the admission made in passing by certain anarchists, including Ocalan, that anarchist liberty could only be achieved after a long ¨ period of statist existence. Mostly counter to the anarchist model of non-domination, we propose a republican model of liberty and liberation, also as non-domination, that necessitates the formation of an independent state, at least in this historical period, for Kurds and hence any dominated people to count as truly free. We conclude by attempting to combine certain elements of the anarchist and republican conceptions and offer a synthetic communitarian view that could serve as a better foundation for Kurdish aspirations for liberty."
Liberty
The corresponding reading can be found on page 189-191 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
"The lived realities of sex workers across Europe raise serious human rights concerns. It is crucial to approach this important and complex issue with a full understanding of the human rights consequences of the experience of high levels of violence and inadequate protection from law enforcement and the justice system; stigma; and multiple layers of discrimination that result in isolation and limited access to essential services, including housing and healthcare. All these factors pave the way for a persistent culture of impunity for crimes committed against sex workers, which in turn leads to even more violence."
Equality
The corresponding reading can be found on pages 192-194 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
"The Taliban took over the Afghan capital Kabul in August 2021 and regained control of the entire country. The first time the Taliban ruled Afghanistan (1996-2001), they were virtually stepping into an absence of a legal and political order. However, this time the Taliban have taken over a two-decade-old political and legal order, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. What does the Taliban takeover mean for the country’s laws and legal institutions? What does it mean for the legal trajectory of Afghanistan?"
Laws and Morals
"The Taliban took over the Afghan capital Kabul in August 2021 and regained control of the entire country. The first time the Taliban ruled Afghanistan (1996-2001), they were virtually stepping into an absence of a legal and political order. However, this time the Taliban have taken over a two-decade-old political and legal order, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. What does the Taliban takeover mean for the country’s laws and legal institutions? What does it mean for the legal trajectory of Afghanistan?"
The corresponding reading can be found on pages 196-198 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.
IGOs
The corresponding reading can be found on pages 199-201 of Mooij, C., Dhesi, E., & Nusseibeh, A. (2024). Global politics course companion. Oxford Resources for IB Diploma Programme.